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The inner sage turn of Song Dynasty and the learning of physical and mental skills in “Four Books”
Author: Zhu Hanping (provided by Yuelu Book Academy in Hunan)
Source: Author Author Authorized by Confucian Network, Original from “Chinese Civilization” 2019 Special Spring No.: Confucius was in 2570 and the 12th month of November 12th, Ji Hai The Japanese Wuyin
Song scholars in the late Northern Song Dynasty all aimed at reviving Confucianism’s inner sage and external kings. However, with the failure of Wang Anshi’s transformation, the political criticism and academic doubts of Wang Anshi in the mainstream Song Dynasty deepened a step further, and they gradually strengthened the importance and most basic nature of the inner sage. Song Confucians opposed Wang Anshi’s route of seeking the strengthening of troops from the Five Books of the Kingdom, and turned to seeking the inner saints from the Four Books of the Kingdom. The inner sages of the scholars and officials of the Song Dynasty promoted the direction of Song Dynasty’s thoughts, and at the same time promoted the construction and development of the “Four Books” of physical and mental kung fu discussion. Song Confucian learning of body and mind is not only a virtue learning of moral self-cultivation, but also expresses the ultimate concern of individual existence.
Song Xue hopes to solve the human world and national management problems that were eager to solve during the Song Dynasty. Therefore, Song Xue’s energy and related logic can also be said to be a new way of inner sages and outer kings. Song Dynasty not only includes the way of inner sages, but also solves the serious problems of the human heart and the world through the construction of morality and civilization; it also includes the way of external kings to solve the increasingly serious problems of national management. However, after the Song Dynasty experienced a period of evolution and development, after Wang An and Shi Xining’s new policy, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, a major tide of thinking and academic trend emerged in the thinking civilization community, which was to increasingly emphasize the main nature and most basic nature of the inner sage way, and believed that it was necessary to first solve the moral thinking problems of the monarch and scholars, so that we could further consider the problems of national politics and social management.
Song Confucians interpreted this inner sage as the so-called “learning of body and mind”, and combined it with the classical version of the “Four Books” that was formed and developed during the Song Dynasty. The scholars and officials of the Song Dynasty paid attention to the internal sage problems promoted the development of the Four Books, which was also the classical basis and source of academic knowledge for the scholars and officials of the Song Dynasty.
1, “Study to become a saint”: The inner transformation of Song Dynasty’s thoughts that emerged during the Northern Song Dynasty were the all-round rejuvenation and transformation of Confucianism, that is, the study of inner sages and external kings who hoped to build Confucianism from the beginning. However, during the development of Song Dynasty, more and more Confucian scholarsIt is believed that the relationship between “inner sage” and “outer sage” is a relationship between the original and the end, the body and the use. The inner sage is more valued, so an internal transformation gradually occurs. From the late Northern Song Dynasty to the entire Southern Song Dynasty, Song Dynasty gradually shifted from the equal importance of inner sages and outer kings to the focus of inner sages. Therefore, the greatest contribution of Song Confucians in academic creation happened to be in the “inner sages”. The inner sage of Confucian Song Dynasty was about personal moral cultivation, personality fantasy, life existence and ultimate concern. This set of questions was called “physical and mental learning”; it was different from the external king’s learning about eulogy and criminal affairs, scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce, and family management. The science of the two Song dynasties was particularly concerned with moral self-cultivation, personality fantasy, personal life and its ultimate concern. Related to this, the classical study of the Four Books of the Way of Inner Saints had been completely formed by the Southern Song Dynasty and gradually became a focus classic that Confucianists loved widely at that time. The inner sage of Song Dynasty was closely linked to the “Four Books” learning.
Since the scholars and servants of the two Song dynasties are both civilized and political, the overall trend of Song dynasty promoted by them often combines the two aspects of “inner sage” and “outer king”, “clear body” and “usual use”. They do not need to emphasize one aspect and disregard the other. As a kind of “school of morality”, the “school of morality” includes both the moral concerns of “clearity” and “inner sage”, and the family management of “usuality” and “outside king”. It should be said that there are disagreements in the Song Dynasty’s thoughts, and they actually hope to combine the two aspects of inner sages and outer kings, the wise and the use of the body. The reason why they later broke into a serious and divergent school and construct a divergent academic system is that there is a clear difference between the internal sage and the external king, the clear body and the use, the Tao and the merits, and the primary and secondary issues. During the evolution and development of Song Dynasty, we have experienced the Confucianism, led by Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi during the Northern Song Dynasty, and transformed to the Confucianism of the Inner Saint-type Confucianism of the Second Cheng, Zhang Xiu, Shao Yongqiduan, Zhu Xi, Zhang Feng, Zuo Zu, and Jiufeng of the Southern Song Dynasty. As the political environment and academic ecology gradually changed during the Song Dynasty. After the Southern Song Dynasty, Confucian scholars of inner sages have become increasingly in the leading position of Song Dynasty in the academic world. Especially after Lizong, science and the study of “Four Books” have become the mainstream academic trend.
Many scholars who studied the Song Dynasty maintaining Internet car and horse fees will pay attention to this question: Why did the two Song Confucian scholars experience such a big change? What is the historical reason for the transformation of this kind of academic civilization?
Liu Zijian’s “The Turning to the Inner”: The Turning to the Civilization between the Two Song Dynasties”
The Song Dynasty’s learning of literacy should include Wang Anshi, the outer king’s school, and Cheng Zhu, the inner sage school. They emphasized the search for literacy from Confucian classics, and in fact, they all achieved a goal of cooperation. Liu Zijian’s “The Turning to the Inner” in “The Turning to the Inner” : The International Civilization Turning between the Two Song Dynasties, Wang Anshi and Zhu Xi actually had a similar cooperation point: they were both unhappy with the actual situation in the Song Dynasty, so they all worked hard to rebuild Confucianism to meet the needs of real transformation. However, there is a most basic difference between them: “Wang Anshi valued and wanted to establish a efficient operational situation, and the Neo-Confucianism hoped to establish a society with perfect self-character and perfect talent Bao Stories. ”[1] Therefore, the principles that Wang Anshi sought from “Zhou Guan”, “Shang Shu” and “People” show special attention to the management of domestic and national management such as “useful use” and “outside king”. The important “learning of principles” is to “establish an efficient bureau” and “economic management”. Zhu Xi sought principles from “Speech”, “Big School”, “Doctor of the Mean”, and “Mencius”, and the body is the moral concern of “clearity” and “inner sage”. His “learning of principles” is for the social elites and even emperors of scholars and officials. href=”https://twsugarblog.org/”>Baohua Webmaster The philosophical basis of “self-ethics and perfect talents”.
Song Xue was caused by real political problems, so Breeding online car and horse taxi The Confucian thoughts of Song Confucians also began with the solution of the foreign kingship of the state. Since the opening of the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the occurrence of secession of the vassal towns that appeared in the late Tang Dynasty, the A series of new policies were adopted, including strengthening the central government’s power, civil servants’ governance, developing scientific and te
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